{"id":10714,"date":"2022-09-05T15:59:11","date_gmt":"2022-09-05T19:59:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/?p=10714"},"modified":"2025-03-17T18:10:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-17T22:10:29","slug":"copyright-white-paper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/copyright-white-paper\/","title":{"rendered":"White Paper: How Google Abuses Its Position as a Market Dominant Platform to Strong-Arm News Publishers and Hurt Journalism"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_10711\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10711\" style=\"width: 1000px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10711 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/justice-blue-sky-1000px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/justice-blue-sky-1000px.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/justice-blue-sky-1000px-300x126.png 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/justice-blue-sky-1000px-768x323.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10711\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">simpson33\/iStock\/Getty Images Plus via Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><em>Updated September 5, 2022<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The News Media Alliance has produced a White Paper, &#8220;How Google Abuses Its Position as a Market Dominant Platform to Strong-Arm News Publishers and Hurt Journalism.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Download updated White Paper (September 2022)<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/NMA-White-Paper_REVISED-Sept-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #57c8e7;\"><strong>About the White Paper<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>T<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-11022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"350\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px.png 778w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px-768x992.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px\" \/>he White Paper is based on more than a year of interviews and consultations with many Alliance members about their experiences with Google products. It outlines several of the ways in which Google uses news content to its advantage across its products and services. The use of news content through AMP (Accelerated Mobile Pages), Google Discover, and the Google News app, as well as Search becoming more of a \u201cwalled garden\u201d in which publishers and consumers are increasingly forced or encouraged to stay, has been systematically making use of news content to enhance Google\u2019s bottom line. In exchange, because there is little bargaining power, news publishers are not receiving fair value for quality content.<\/p>\n<h5><span style=\"color: #2f7de1;\">Based on the conclusions reached in the White Paper, recommendations from the Alliance include:<\/span><\/h5>\n<ul>\n<li>Antitrust scrutiny through the current investigations by the DOJ and state Attorneys General and remedies that address the abuses and impacts on news publishers.<\/li>\n<li>Passage of the safe harbor bill, also known as the\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/release-alliance-applauds-jcpa-reintroduction-cicilline-collins\/\">Journalism Competition &amp; Preservation Act<\/a>,<\/em> to allow news publishers to collectively negotiate for better business arrangements with the tech platforms.<\/li>\n<li>Compensation mechanisms that properly account for the value that platforms receive through original news content provided by established news organizations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The Alliance has submitted the White Paper to the Department of Justice (DOJ) for its investigation of Google\u2019s anticompetitive behavior.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #57c8e7;\">Resources<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Click the links below to download the White Paper and related resources.<\/p>\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #eb0029;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-11022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px-232x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px-232x300.png 232w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px-768x992.png 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Google-White-Paper-cover-w-boroder-1000px.png 778w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/span>White Paper with Graphics:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>This visually-friendly version of the White Paper includes seven new graphics created to help explain some of the concepts in the report.<\/p>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">White Paper with Graphics<\/a>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #2f7de1;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">(PDF, June 2020)<\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><a id=\"Graphics\"><\/a><strong style=\"color: #000000;\">Graphics:<\/strong><\/p>\n<h5><strong>Download and share the individual graphics from the White Paper. Corresponding text\u00a0<\/strong><strong>for each graphic\u00a0<\/strong><strong>from the White Paper is below.<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p>For use on social media, please credit the News Media Alliance. Click on an image, then right-click and select &#8220;Save image as&#8221; to download.<\/p>\n<h4><strong>PowerPoint Presentation:<\/strong><\/h4>\n<h5><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/nhtfj26lsvx374u\/Google-White-Paper-Graphics-Slides.pdf?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Download our presentation<\/a> (PDF) of the White Paper graphics for your use and sharing.<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/k2oa37qtel515tn\/Google-White-Paper-Graphics-Slides.pptx?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Download in PPT format<\/a> (Note: Some fonts may not display properly)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-10714 gallery-columns-2 gallery-size-large'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-1w-caption-How-Google-Dominates-the-Online-Marketplace.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-1w-caption-How-Google-Dominates-the-Online-Marketplace-1024x723.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11011\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-1w-caption-How-Google-Dominates-the-Online-Marketplace-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-1w-caption-How-Google-Dominates-the-Online-Marketplace-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-1w-caption-How-Google-Dominates-the-Online-Marketplace-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-1w-caption-How-Google-Dominates-the-Online-Marketplace.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11011'>\n\t\t\t\tHow Google Dominates the Online Marketplace\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-2-w-caption-Google-comes-between-newspapers-and-users.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-2-w-caption-Google-comes-between-newspapers-and-users-1024x723.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11012\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-2-w-caption-Google-comes-between-newspapers-and-users-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-2-w-caption-Google-comes-between-newspapers-and-users-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-2-w-caption-Google-comes-between-newspapers-and-users-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-2-w-caption-Google-comes-between-newspapers-and-users.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11012'>\n\t\t\t\tHow Google Comes Between Newspapers and Users\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-3-w-title-AMP-URL-API-Terms.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-3-w-title-AMP-URL-API-Terms-1024x542.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11013\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-3-w-title-AMP-URL-API-Terms-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-3-w-title-AMP-URL-API-Terms-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-3-w-title-AMP-URL-API-Terms-768x407.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-3-w-title-AMP-URL-API-Terms.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11013'>\n\t\t\t\tAMP URL API Terms\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-5-Price-of-Appearing-on-Google-News.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-5-Price-of-Appearing-on-Google-News-1024x542.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-5-Price-of-Appearing-on-Google-News-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-5-Price-of-Appearing-on-Google-News-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-5-Price-of-Appearing-on-Google-News-768x407.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-5-Price-of-Appearing-on-Google-News.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11015'>\n\t\t\t\tThe Price of Appearing on Google News\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-6-Google-A-Walled-Garden.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"723\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-6-Google-A-Walled-Garden-1024x723.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11016\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-6-Google-A-Walled-Garden-1024x723.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-6-Google-A-Walled-Garden-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-6-Google-A-Walled-Garden-768x542.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-6-Google-A-Walled-Garden.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11016'>\n\t\t\t\tGoogle: A Walled Garden\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-7-Effect-of-Googles-Walled-Garden.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-7-Effect-of-Googles-Walled-Garden-1024x542.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11017\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-7-Effect-of-Googles-Walled-Garden-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-7-Effect-of-Googles-Walled-Garden-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-7-Effect-of-Googles-Walled-Garden-768x407.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-7-Effect-of-Googles-Walled-Garden.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11017'>\n\t\t\t\tThe Effect of Google&#8217;s Walled Garden\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<a href='https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-8-Google-Assistant-Does-Not-Give-Credit.jpg' title=\"\" data-rl_title=\"\" class=\"rl-gallery-link\" data-rl_caption=\"\" data-rel=\"lightbox-gallery-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-8-Google-Assistant-Does-Not-Give-Credit-1024x542.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" aria-describedby=\"gallery-1-11018\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-8-Google-Assistant-Does-Not-Give-Credit-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-8-Google-Assistant-Does-Not-Give-Credit-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-8-Google-Assistant-Does-Not-Give-Credit-768x407.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Graphic-8-Google-Assistant-Does-Not-Give-Credit.jpg 1275w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<figcaption class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-11018'>\n\t\t\t\tGoogle Assistant Does Not Give Credit to Original Publisher\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 1: How Google Dominates the Online Marketplace\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 4<\/a> of the White Paper: AMP keeps users in Google\u2019s ecosystem while creating several disadvantages for many news publishers \u2013 including making it more difficult in some cases to form direct relationships with their readers, reducing some publishers\u2019 subscription conversion rates, limiting the use of interactive features in AMP articles, reducing some publishers\u2019 ad revenues, and impairing their collection of certain user data.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 2: How Google Comes Between Newspapers and Users<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=14\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 14<\/a> of the White Paper: At the most fundamental level, Google has placed itself in the middle of the relationship between the newspaper and its user. The user is no longer visiting the publisher\u2019s website directly, but instead viewing a copy of the article hosted on Google\u2019s servers. Further, Google controls the AMP elements of the format, its functions and capabilities, and encourages users to stay within the search results page, for example, by creating an H-scroll in the Top News carousels that seamlessly moves from one publisher to the next without ever leaving Google. As subscriptions become increasingly important in an era in which digital ad revenues pale in comparison to earlier revenues from print ads, having a separate proprietary format that does not easily foster direct relationships is even more problematic.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 3: AMP URL API Terms<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=19\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 19<\/a> of the White Paper (text on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 18<\/a>): In our view, the AMP URL API terms of use also amount to exclusionary and anticompetitive conduct. A news publication does not appear to have the ability to acquiesce in the use of its AMP content on Google mobile search, for example, while declining permission for use in the new (and free) Google News app, which may directly compete with a newspaper\u2019s own app or another app licensed by the publisher. Further, the language is sufficiently broad and unclear as to raise the question whether it gives Google the right to use the content for free for other purposes, such as artificial intelligence, that supposedly \u201cimprove\u201d the APIs (and may in turn reinforce Google\u2019s market power). Moreover, the terms give Google the right to sub-license use of the content to third parties, including presumably for a license fee. Finally, the license is irrevocable; although a news entity can theoretically stop creating AMP pages for its publication and stop using Google\u2019s AMP URL API (with all its negative consequences), Google\u2019s right to use the content continues indefinitely for all earlier-posted AMP pages.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 4: The Price of Appearing on Google News<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=24\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 24<\/a> of the White Paper: News publishers are required to grant Google vast and unclear rights to use the publishers\u2019 news content. The required grant of rights to Google extends not only to Google News but for all \u201cGoogle Services\u201d \u2013 defined as any products, services or technology developed by Google from time to time. In short, as a price of having their content appear on the regular Google News website, a publisher apparently is not only required to participate in the Google News app, and any future version of the Google News app, but any product or service developed by Google in the future.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 5: Google: A Walled Garden<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=29\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 29<\/a> of the White Paper: For many years, Google Search results consisted of simple blue links with only a headline and very short snippet from an article. Today, Google Search makes heavy use of premier news content, including high quality news photos. Google uses this content to enhance its own brand \u2013 especially in an era plagued by fake news \u2013 and earns substantial advertising revenues for aggregating content it did not create or fund.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 6: The Effect of Google&#8217;s Walled Garden<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 30<\/a> of the White Paper: One growing concern for the news industry is the current length of snippets from their articles, which often can collectively provide ample information on any news story to satisfy the casual reader skimming the news. Google is able to use its role as the market dominant platform to pressure newspapers into providing \u201crich snippets\u201d for search. If these rich snippets are not on properly optimized pages (meaning the publisher implemented Google dictated structured data and markup properly, and the images are of requisite quality and size), the newspaper is put at competitive disadvantage. As illustrated by the examples and screenshots detailed below, a second, broader concern is the format and wide range of content presented by Google on today\u2019s search results pages, usually above the traditional headlines and links to news articles \u2013 changes which undoubtedly decrease the chances that a user will click on a news link. Many have quoted the stunning statistic that, \u201cIn June of 2019, for the first time, a majority of all browser-based searches on Google.com resulted in zero clicks. We\u2019ve passed a milestone in Google\u2019s evolution from search engine to walled-garden.\u201d<sup>38\u00a0<\/sup>The situation is even more stark on mobile: in the past three years, \u201c[o]rganic has fallen by almost 20%, while paid has nearly tripled and zero-click searches are up significantly. \u2026 Today \u2026 almost two-thirds [of mobile searches ended without a click.]\u201d<sup>39<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Graphic 7: Google Assistant Does Not Give Credit to Original Publisher<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/NMA-Google-White-Paper-Design-Final.pdf#page=36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">page 36<\/a> of the White Paper: Google Assistant is but one of the growing \u201cVoice-first\u201d Google platforms.\u00a0 The Google website states that, \u201cIf you search with the Google Assistant, featured snippets may also be read\u00a0aloud.\u201d<sup>42\u00a0<\/sup>The full extent of this practice is not known, but in a limited review the news publishers have certainly found examples. When Google Assistant provides an audio response, that audio response obviously does not contain any link to the original article.\u00a0 In short, in that setting, the <em>quid pro quo<\/em> that supports any fair use defense is absent.<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #57c8e7;\"><strong>Additional Resources:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/NMA-White-Paper_REVISED-Sept-2022.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Plain White Paper (no graphics)<\/a> (PDF, September 2022)<\/h4>\n<p>Alliance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DOJ-Cover-Letter-for-White-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Letter to the Department of Justice<\/a> (June 18, 2020)<\/p>\n<p>Statement:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/statement-white-paper-shows-googles-ongoing-use-and-abuse-of-news-content-why-we-need-the-journalism-competition-preservation-act\/\">White Paper Shows Google\u2019s Ongoing Use and Abuse of News Content, Why We Need the Journalism Competition &amp; Preservation Act<\/a> (September 6, 2022)<\/p>\n<p>Press Release: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmediaalliance.org\/release-news-media-alliance-releases-new-white-paper-outlining-googles-dominant-market-behavior-harming-of-journalism\/\">Alliance Releases New White Paper Outlining Google\u2019s Dominant Market Behavior, Harming of Journalism<\/a> (June 18, 2020)<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #57c8e7;\">For more information:<\/span><\/h4>\n<p>Please contact Alliance Communications Director <a href=\"mailto: sam@newsmediaalliance.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sam Quigley<\/a> if you have any questions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Updated: The News Media Alliance has produced a White Paper, \u201cHow Google Abuses Its Position as a Market Dominant Platform to Strong-Arm News Publishers and Hurt Journalism,\u201d\u00a0which outlines several of the ways in which Google uses news content to its advantage across its products and services.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":10716,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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